flexible_image include => drupal_field() causes WSOD (w/o logging an error)

Switching from:
{{ drupal_field(image_field_name, 'media', image_field_media_id, {type: 'responsive_image', settings: {responsive_image_style: responsive_image_size}})|field_value }}
to:
{{ drupal_image(raw_image_path, responsive_image_size, {alt: raw_image_alt}, responsive=true) }}

fixes the problem. However, we switched to drupal_field for good reasons. So we still need to debug this.

@thomas.frobieter I think we need a backtrace. Before we forget about the cause of this issue, let's please check this together in the next days... ping me :)