[12.x] [meta] Add compatibility for the latest minor and major dependency versions in Drupal 11

Problem/Motivation

Before we can update our dependencies in Drupal 11, we need to add forward-compatibility with the new versions in Drupal 10.

Proposed resolution

Add compatibility for upcoming major versions of dependencies to Drupal 10 core minors, including addressing deprecations added in those versions.

1. PHP

   • 🌱 [META] Make Drupal 10.3/11 compatible with PHP 8.4 Active
   • Subsequent issues for additional versions

2. Symfony

   • Ensure forward compatibility of Drupal 10 with Symfony 8

3. PHPUnit

   • 🌱 [meta] Support PHPUnit 11 in Drupal 10 Postponed

4. jQuery and jQuery UI

   TBD

5. Other dependencies

   Monitor other dependencies for new major versions and ensure forward-compatibility is added where possible.