Parse more information out of deprecation messages

Problem/Motivation

On #3024341: Improve deprecation listing with filtering → , we updated the Deprecations page.

But what would be really good would be to have more fields we could filter on, such as:
- What version was the item first deprecated in
- When will it be removed

To do this, we would need to parse either the @deprecated documentation, or the messages in calls to trigger_error and extract these two pieces of information.

To do that, we would have to have a consistent format for deprecation messages. This is currently being worked on in the Coding Standards project on issue
#3024461: Adopt consistent deprecation format for core and contrib deprecation messages →

Proposed resolution

a) Once the standard format is adopted, figure out how to parse the messages and save the information in the API module database.
b) Update the Deprecated page to display/filter on this information.

Remaining tasks

User interface changes

API changes

Data model changes

Release notes snippet