Stored payment method without a billing address causes the checkout to give the following error:
Drupal\commerce_order\Entity\Order::setBillingProfile(): Argument #1 ($profile) must be of type Drupal\profile\Entity\ProfileInterface, null given
If the payment gateway requires_billing_information = false, the setBillingProfile function should not be called.
Use the commerce stripe module, and use the Stripe Payment Element gateway, then checkout normally and enter the test card details, then try to checkout using the saved payment method from the previous step and you will face the error.
Active
2.0
Payment