TypeError: Drupal\sparql_entity_storage\Entity\Query\Sparql\SparqlArg::uri()

@elber may I ask what you are trying to achieve? SPARQL is supposed to work with string IDs and more specifically, adhere to the RDF standard that the entity ID is a URI mainly.
Now, that does not mean that a resource URI cannot be a number, for example "<44>", however, it might be preferable to adapt the entity IDs to be string before they are passed in the method here. Further more, the code you provided, will not construct the <resource> resource URI (encapsulated with <>). Does this even work? I don't think it makes a valid RDF scheme to have data with simple numeric ID.
If you still need them to be numeric ID though, I think you should use some hook_entity_load in order to typecast the ID.