This seems to have been introduced when upgrading to v1.x-1.3. For any image specified in a textarea like:
<img alt="Icon" src="/sites/all/themes/xx/images/icon.png">
is turned into this by Spam Span:
<img alt="Icon" src="<span class="spamspan"><span class="u">/sites/all/themes/xx/images/icon</span> [at] <span class="d">.png</span></span>" />
But Spam Span doesn't know how to put it back together again.
Closed: outdated
1.3
Code
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It's likely this issue predates Contrib.social: some issue and comment data are missing.