Missing/empty CSS only on one page

Problem/Motivation

I've been trying to debug a strange issue that only affects one page. On this particular page, the CSS that contains the .visually-hidden class/selector is missing (along with other classes I'm sure). As a result block titles are visible that should not be.

I've tried every option available at /admin/config/development/performance/advagg/operations to try to fix this and nothing has worked. When I clear the files cache, the names of the generated CSS files change, but the content stays the same.

Compare the two pages, which should be using the exact same CSS:

Not broken
https://www.overlakehospital.org/doctors/search

Broken
https://www.overlakehospital.org/locations/search

If you open the Network tab on your browser you can see that the CSS files that are loaded on each page are not exactly the same. Each loads a CSS file that the other does not. On the broken page, if you open the file that is different in a new tab, you can see that it is completely empty.

I'm unsure how to continue troubleshooting this. It's a very persistent bug. What is different about this one page?

EDIT: I forgot to say this problem goes away immediately when advagg is turned off.

Steps to reproduce

Proposed resolution

Remaining tasks

User interface changes

API changes

Data model changes